000			01444nam a2200193 4500
008			230730b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
020			_a9780674276604 (pbk)
082			_a302.35 _bHIR
100			_aHirschman, Albert O. _99900
245			_aExit, voice, and loyalty : _bresponses to decline in firms, organizations, and states
260			_aCambridge _bHarvard University Press _c1970
300			_ax, 162p.
500			_ahttps://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674276604
520			_aAn innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, “exit,” is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, “voice,” is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change “from within.” The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role.
650			_aLoyalty _98269
650			_aDissenters _99901
650			_aOrganizational sociology _99902
942			_cBK
999			_c9656 _d9656