TY  - BOOK
AU  - Hirschman, Albert O.
TI  - Exit, voice, and loyalty : : responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states
SN  - 9780674276604 (pbk)
U1  - 302.35  
PY  - 1970///
CY  - Cambridge	
PB  - Harvard University Press	
KW  - Loyalty	
KW  - Dissenters	
KW  - Organizational sociology
N1  - https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674276604
N2  - An innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, “exit,” is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, “voice,” is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change “from within.” The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role
ER  -